Facilities for Differently Abled People- Facilities for differently-abled people vary depending on the specific disability and location. However, some common facilities include:

Accessibility:

• Ramps: For wheelchair users and those with mobility impairments.Opens in a new windowwww.bennykuriakose.com Ramps for differentlyabled people
• Elevators: To access different levels of buildings.Opens in a new windowwww.bsbasansor.com.tr Elevators for differentlyabled people
• Wide doorways and hallways: To accommodate wheelchairs and other mobility aids.
• Accessible restrooms: With grab bars, lowered sinks, and wheelchair-accessible stalls.Opens in a new windowwww.rprealtyplus.com Accessible restrooms for differentlyabled people
• Audio and visual aids: For people with hearing or visual impairments, such as audio descriptions in museums or sign language interpreters.
• Assistive technology: Devices that help people with disabilities function more independently, such as screen readers for people with visual impairments or voice recognition software for people with motor impairments.

Transportation:

• Accessible public transportation: Buses, trains, and subways with ramps, lifts, and designated seating areas for wheelchair users.Opens in a new windowurbantransportnews.com Accessible public transportation for differentlyabled people
• Paratransit services: Door-to-door transportation for people who cannot use regular public transportation.
• Taxi and ride-sharing services: That are accessible to wheelchair users and those with other mobility impairments.

Education:

• Inclusive classrooms: Where students with disabilities are integrated into mainstream education.
• Special education programs: That provide specialized instruction and support for students with disabilities.
• Assistive technology in schools: Such as computers with screen readers and speech-to-text software.

Employment:

• Reasonable accommodations: Modifications to the workplace that allow people with disabilities to perform their jobs, such as flexible work schedules or assistive technology.
• Job training and placement programs: That help people with disabilities find and keep jobs.

Other facilities:

• Accessible parks and recreation areas: With paved paths, accessible playgrounds, and restrooms.Opens in a new windowwww.re-thinkingthefuture.com Accessible parks and recreation areas for differentlyabled people
• Accessible housing: With features such as wider doorways, ramps, and grab bars.
• Assistive listening devices: That amplify sound in public places, such as theaters and churches.

It is important to note that the availability of these facilities varies depending on the location and the specific needs of the individual. However, there are many resources available to help people with disabilities find the facilities they need.

Here are some additional resources:

The National Center on Disability and Access: https://www.access-board.gov/

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: https://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/convention/convoptprot-e.pdf  

The World Health Organization: https://www.who.int/

What is Required Facilities for Differently Abled People

Required Facilities for Differently Abled People

Here are some of the essential facilities required for differently-abled people to ensure inclusivity and accessibility:

1. Physical Accessibility:

• Ramps: Smooth, gradual ramps with handrails for wheelchair users and people with mobility impairments.
• Elevators: Well-maintained elevators with clear signage and audible announcements.
• Wide doorways and hallways: To accommodate wheelchairs and other mobility aids.
• Accessible restrooms: With grab bars, lowered sinks, and wheelchair-accessible stalls.
• Parking spaces: Designated parking spaces for people with disabilities, close to entrances.

2. Sensory Accessibility:

• Visual aids: Clear signage with contrasting colors and large fonts, Braille markings, and tactile maps.
• Audio aids: Audible announcements, induction loops for hearing aids, and sign language interpreters.
• Reduced noise levels: To minimize distractions for people with sensory sensitivities.

3. Communication Accessibility:

• Assistive technology: Computers with screen readers, speech-to-text software, and other assistive technologies.
• Communication devices: Teletypewriters (TTYs) or text phones for people who are deaf or hard of hearing.
• Interpreters: Sign language interpreters and other communication support services.

4. Transportation Accessibility:

• Accessible public transportation: Buses, trains, and subways with ramps, lifts, and designated seating areas for wheelchair users.
• Paratransit services: Door-to-door transportation for people who cannot use regular public transportation.
• Accessible taxis and ride-sharing services: With wheelchair-accessible vehicles.

5. Educational Accessibility:

• Inclusive classrooms: Where students with disabilities are integrated into mainstream education.
• Special education programs: That provide specialized instruction and support for students with disabilities.
• Assistive technology in schools: Such as computers with screen readers and speech-to-text software.

6. Employment Accessibility:

• Reasonable accommodations: Modifications to the workplace that allow people with disabilities to perform their jobs, such as flexible work schedules or assistive technology.
• Job training and placement programs: That help people with disabilities find and keep jobs.

7. Other Facilities:

• Accessible parks and recreation areas: With paved paths, accessible playgrounds, and restrooms.
• Accessible housing: With features such as wider doorways, ramps, and grab bars.
• Assistive listening devices: That amplify sound in public places, such as theaters and churches.

These are just some of the essential facilities required for differently-abled people. The specific needs of each individual will vary, so it’s important to create a welcoming and inclusive environment that meets a wide range of needs.

Remember: The goal is to create a society where everyone, regardless of their abilities, can fully participate and enjoy equal opportunities.

Who is Required Facilities for Differently Abled People

Courtesy: Mgmimsr Director

The responsibility for providing facilities for differently-abled people lies with various entities, including:

• Government:
  • Federal, state, and local governments have a significant role in enacting and enforcing laws and regulations that mandate accessibility in public spaces, transportation, and buildings.
  • They also fund and implement programs to support people with disabilities, such as social security, healthcare, and rehabilitation services.
• Businesses:
  • Businesses, both public and private, are responsible for ensuring accessibility in their workplaces, stores, and other facilities they operate.
  • This includes providing reasonable accommodations for employees with disabilities and making their services accessible to customers with disabilities.
• Educational Institutions:
  • Schools, colleges, and universities are responsible for providing accessible learning environments for students with disabilities.
  • This includes providing assistive technology, making physical spaces accessible, and offering support services.
• Transportation Providers:
  • Public transportation providers, such as bus companies, train operators, and airlines, are responsible for ensuring that their services are accessible to people with disabilities.
• Building Owners and Developers:
  • Building owners and developers are responsible for ensuring that new and existing buildings are accessible to people with disabilities, in accordance with building codes and accessibility standards.
• Individuals:
  • Individuals also have a role to play in creating an inclusive society.
  • This includes being mindful of the needs of people with disabilities, offering assistance when appropriate, and advocating for policies that promote inclusion.

It’s important to note that this is not an exhaustive list, and the specific responsibilities may vary depending on the context and location. However, it highlights the shared responsibility of various entities in creating an accessible and inclusive society for people with disabilities.

Disclaimer: This information is for general knowledge and guidance only. For specific legal and regulatory requirements, please consult with relevant legal and accessibility experts.

When is Required Facilities for Differently Abled People

Facilities for differently-abled people are required at all times.

Here’s why:

• Legal Mandate: Many countries have laws and regulations that mandate accessibility in public spaces, workplaces, and other areas. These laws often require the provision of specific facilities for differently-abled people.  
• Ethical Responsibility: Providing accessible facilities is a fundamental ethical responsibility. It ensures that everyone, regardless of their abilities, has equal opportunities to participate fully in society.
• Human Rights: The right to accessibility is a fundamental human right. Denying people with disabilities access to essential facilities is a violation of their human rights.  

Key Points:

• New Construction: All new buildings and public spaces must be designed and built with accessibility in mind from the outset.
• Existing Buildings: Existing buildings are often required to make reasonable modifications to become more accessible, even if they were not originally designed to be so.  

By ensuring that facilities for differently-abled people are available at all times, we can create a more inclusive and equitable society for everyone.

Where is Required Facilities for Differently Abled People

Facilities for differently-abled people are required in a wide range of places, including:

• Public Buildings:
  • Government offices
  • Hospitals  
  • Schools and universities  
  • Libraries  
  • Museums  
  • Shopping malls  
  • Restaurants  
  • Hotels  
  • Theaters  
  • Cinemas  
• Transportation:
  • Airports
  • Train stations  
  • Bus stops  
  • Subway stations  
  • Taxis
  • Public buses
• Workplaces:
  • Offices  
  • Factories
  • Retail stores  
• Residential Areas:
  • Apartments  
  • Housing complexes
• Public Spaces:
  • Parks
  • Beaches  
  • Sidewalks
  • Crosswalks  

Essentially, any place that is open to the public or used by a significant number of people should be designed and maintained with the needs of differently-abled people in mind.

How is Required Facilities for Differently Abled People

Courtesy: Satyamev Jayate

Facilities for differently-abled people are required to be accessible and usable by individuals with disabilities. Here’s how this is achieved:

• Accessibility Standards:
  • Countries and regions often have specific building codes and accessibility standards (like the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in the US) that outline the requirements for accessible facilities.
  • These standards cover various aspects, including:
    • Physical Accessibility: Ramps, elevators, wide doorways, accessible restrooms, parking spaces.
    • Sensory Accessibility: Visual aids, audio announcements, reduced noise levels.
    • Communication Accessibility: Assistive technology, communication devices, interpreters.
• Enforcement:
  • Government agencies are responsible for enforcing these accessibility standards.
  • They may conduct inspections, issue fines, and take legal action against entities that fail to comply.
• Design and Construction:
  • Architects and builders are required to incorporate accessibility features into the design and construction of new buildings.
  • This includes considering the needs of people with various disabilities, such as wheelchair users, people with visual or hearing impairments, and people with cognitive disabilities.
• Ongoing Maintenance:
  • Existing facilities must also be maintained to ensure they remain accessible.
  • This includes regular inspections and repairs to ensure that ramps, elevators, and other accessibility features are in good working order.

By following these guidelines and regulations, facilities can be designed and maintained to be inclusive and usable by everyone, regardless of their abilities.

Case Study on Facilities for Differently Abled People

Accessibility at a Local Shopping Mall

Introduction: This case study examines the accessibility features of a local shopping mall, focusing on the experiences of individuals with disabilities.

Mall Description: [Insert Name of Mall], a popular shopping destination in [City, State], offers a variety of retail stores, restaurants, and entertainment options.

Methodology: Observations were conducted on-site, supplemented by interviews with individuals with disabilities who frequent the mall. The assessment focused on the following areas:

1. Physical Accessibility:
   • Entrances: Presence of ramps, automatic doors, and level thresholds.
   • Parking: Availability of designated disabled parking spaces, proximity to entrances, and appropriate signage.
   • Restrooms: Wheelchair accessibility, grab bars, and adequate space for maneuvering.
   • Elevators: Presence of elevators, speed, and ease of use.
   • Ramps: Slope, width, and handrail availability.
   • Signage: Clarity, visibility, and use of Braille or tactile signage.
2. Sensory Accessibility:
   • Visual Cues: Use of contrasting colors, clear signage, and adequate lighting.
   • Auditory Cues: Audible announcements, induction loops for hearing aids.
   • Sensory Considerations: Minimizing excessive noise and visual clutter.
3. Communication Accessibility:
   • Staff Training: Awareness and sensitivity towards the needs of individuals with disabilities.
   • Assistive Technology: Availability of assistive listening devices or communication aids.

Findings:

• Positive Aspects:
  • The mall had designated disabled parking spaces and ramps at all entrances.
  • Most stores had accessible restrooms.
  • Elevators were present and generally well-maintained.
  • Staff were generally friendly and willing to assist when asked.
• Areas for Improvement:
  • Some ramps were steep or had uneven surfaces.
  • Signage was not always clear or in Braille.
  • Some stores had narrow aisles that were difficult for wheelchair users to navigate.
  • Audible announcements were sometimes unclear or inaudible.
  • Staff training on disability awareness could be enhanced.

Recommendations:

• Improve ramp design and maintenance.
• Install clear and consistent signage, including Braille and tactile elements.
• Ensure adequate space for wheelchair maneuvering in stores.
• Enhance the clarity and volume of audible announcements.
• Provide staff training on disability awareness and customer service for individuals with disabilities.
• Consider implementing assistive listening devices or communication aids.

Conclusion:

[Insert Name of Mall] demonstrates a commitment to accessibility, but there is room for improvement to create a fully inclusive environment for all visitors. By addressing the identified areas for improvement, the mall can enhance its accessibility and provide a more welcoming experience for individuals with disabilities.

Note: This is a hypothetical case study. Actual findings will vary depending on the specific mall and its accessibility features.

This case study can be adapted to investigate the accessibility of any public space or building. By conducting similar assessments and implementing necessary improvements, we can work towards creating a more inclusive and accessible society for all.

White paper on Facilities for Differently Abled People

Enhancing Accessibility for Differently-Abled Individuals in [Your Region/Country]

1. Introduction

This white paper aims to address the critical need for improved accessibility for differently-abled individuals in [Your Region/Country]. Accessibility is not merely a matter of compliance with regulations; it is a fundamental human right that ensures equal opportunities and dignity for all citizens. This document will outline the current state of accessibility, identify key challenges, and propose a comprehensive framework for creating a more inclusive society.

2. Defining Accessibility

Accessibility encompasses a broad range of considerations, including:

• Physical Accessibility:
  • Ramps, elevators, and accessible restrooms in public buildings and transportation.
  • Wide doorways and hallways to accommodate wheelchairs and other mobility aids.
  • Designated parking spaces and accessible routes within parking lots.
  • Curb cuts and tactile paving on sidewalks.
• Sensory Accessibility:
  • Visual aids, such as clear signage with contrasting colors and large fonts, Braille markings, and tactile maps.
  • Audio aids, such as audible announcements, induction loops for hearing aids, and sign language interpreters.
  • Reduced noise levels and visual clutter in public spaces.
• Communication Accessibility:
  • Assistive technology, such as computers with screen readers and speech-to-text software.
  • Communication devices, such as teletypewriters (TTYs) or text phones for people who are deaf or hard of hearing.
  • Interpreters and other communication support services.
• Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Accessibility:
  • Accessible websites and online platforms with features like screen reader compatibility, alternative text for images, and closed captions.
  • Assistive technologies for accessing and using computers and other digital devices.

3. Current State of Accessibility

• Challenges:
  • Inadequate infrastructure: Many public spaces, transportation systems, and buildings lack basic accessibility features.
  • Lack of awareness and enforcement: Limited understanding of accessibility requirements among the public and enforcement agencies.
  • Attitudinal barriers: Discrimination and stigma towards people with disabilities persist in many sectors of society.
  • Limited access to assistive technology: High cost and limited availability of assistive technologies can be a significant barrier.
• Success Stories:
  • [Highlight specific examples of successful accessibility initiatives in your region/country, such as inclusive transportation systems, accessible public buildings, or successful assistive technology programs.]

4. Proposed Framework for Action

• Policy and Legislation:
  • Strengthen existing accessibility laws and regulations to ensure compliance and enforcement.
  • Develop and implement inclusive policies across all sectors, including education, employment, transportation, and healthcare.
• Infrastructure Development:
  • Prioritize accessibility in all new construction and renovation projects.
  • Retrofitting existing infrastructure to make it accessible to people with disabilities.
• Capacity Building:
  • Raise awareness among the public, businesses, and government officials about the importance of accessibility.
  • Train professionals in the field of accessibility design and implementation.
• Assistive Technology:
  • Increase access to affordable and reliable assistive technologies through subsidies, grants, and loan programs.
  • Promote research and development of innovative assistive technologies.
• Empowerment of People with Disabilities:
  • Support self-advocacy groups and organizations of people with disabilities.
  • Ensure meaningful participation of people with disabilities in the development and implementation of accessibility policies.

5. Conclusion

Creating a truly inclusive society requires a multi-faceted approach that addresses both physical and attitudinal barriers. By implementing the recommendations outlined in this white paper, [Your Region/Country] can take significant strides towards ensuring that all individuals, regardless of their abilities, have equal access to opportunities and can fully participate in all aspects of society.

6. Call to Action

This white paper serves as a call to action for all stakeholders, including government agencies, businesses, civil society organizations, and individuals, to work together to create a more accessible and inclusive society for all.

Note: This is a template and needs to be tailored to the specific context of your region/country. You can add specific data, examples, and recommendations relevant to your local situation.

Disclaimer: This white paper is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal or professional advice.

I hope this framework provides a solid foundation for your white paper on facilities for differently-abled people.

Industrial Application of Facilities for Differently Abled People

Courtesy: The Better India

The integration of differently-abled individuals into the industrial workforce offers numerous benefits to both employees and employers. By creating an inclusive and accessible work environment, industries can tap into a wider talent pool, boost employee morale, and enhance their overall productivity.

Key Industrial Applications:

1. Physical Accessibility:
   • Workplace Design:
     • Ramps, elevators, and wide doorways to ensure easy movement within the facility.
     • Accessible restrooms with grab bars and adequate space.
     • Designated parking spaces for employees with disabilities, close to entrances.
     • Adjustable workstations to accommodate different physical needs.
   • Equipment Modification:
     • Adapting machinery and tools to be usable by employees with limited mobility or dexterity.
     • Providing assistive technologies such as voice-activated controls or specialized keyboards.
2. Sensory Accessibility:
   • Visual Aids:
     • Clear signage with contrasting colors and large fonts.
     • Braille markings on important controls and equipment.
     • Adequate lighting to ensure visibility for employees with visual impairments.
   • Auditory Aids:
     • Audible alarms and signals with visual cues.
     • Induction loops for hearing aids.
     • Minimizing excessive noise levels in the workplace.
3. Communication Accessibility:
   • Assistive Technology:
     • Providing computers with screen readers and speech-to-text software.
     • Communication devices for employees with hearing or speech impairments.
   • Interpreters:
     • Providing sign language interpreters or other communication support services as needed.
   • Inclusive Training:
     • Offering training materials in accessible formats, such as audio recordings or braille.
4. Social and Attitudinal Accessibility:
   • Diversity and Inclusion Training:
     • Educating employees about disability awareness and sensitivity.
     • Promoting a culture of respect and inclusivity in the workplace.
   • Mentorship Programs:
     • Pairing differently-abled employees with mentors to provide support and guidance.
   • Employee Resource Groups:
     • Establishing employee resource groups for individuals with disabilities to connect and share experiences.

Benefits for Industries:

• Expanded Talent Pool: Access to a wider range of qualified candidates.
• Increased Productivity: Improved employee morale and engagement.
• Enhanced Company Image: Demonstrates a commitment to diversity and inclusion.
• Improved Innovation: Diverse perspectives lead to more creative solutions and problem-solving.
• Legal Compliance: Adherence to disability rights laws and regulations.

Conclusion

By implementing these strategies, industries can create a more inclusive and productive work environment for all employees, regardless of their abilities. This not only benefits individual employees but also contributes to the overall success and growth of the organization.

Note: This is a general overview. The specific needs and requirements will vary depending on the industry, the nature of the work, and the specific disabilities of the employees.

References

1. ^ “About the Guide Dog Foundation”.
2. ^ “Braille Alphabet Card”. Library of Congress.
3. ^ “Devices and Aids”. Library of Congress.
4. ^ Center for Devices and Radiological health. “Hearing Loss”. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA. https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/hearing-aids/hearing-loss.
5. ^ “Speech-to-text services(STTS)”. National Deaf Center, 6 July 2021. https://www.nationaldeafcenter.org/STTS.
6. ^ Transportation Patterns and Problems of People with Disabilities. National Academies Press (US). 2007.
7. ^ “Home”. DisabilityHealthSupport.com.au.
8. CDC (April 3, 2024). “Disability and Health Overview”. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
9. ^ Francis L, Silvers A (October 1, 2016). “Perspectives on the Meaning of “Disability””. AMA Journal of Ethics. 18 (10): 1025–1033. doi:10.1001/journalofethics.2016.18.10.pfor2-1610. ISSN 2376-6980. PMID 27780027.
10. ^ Resolution / adopted by the General Assembly, A/RES/61/106. UN General Assembly, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. 24 January 2007. [accessed 27 December 2020]
11. ^ “Medical and Social Models of Disability”. Office of Developmental Primary Care. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
12. ^ Barnes E (2014). “Valuing Disability, Causing Disability”. Ethics. 125 (1): 88–113. doi:10.1086/677021. ISSN 0014-1704. JSTOR 10.1086/677021.
13. ^ Moore M (January 2015). “Religious Attitudes toward the Disabled (2015)”. infidels.org. The Secular Web. Archived from the original on May 4, 2020. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
14. ^ Brown R (1994). Florida’s First People: 12,000 Years of Human History. Pineapple Press. p. 25. ISBN 1-56164-032-8.
15. ^ Milanich JT (1994). Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida. p. 75. ISBN 0-8130-1273-2.
16. ^ Kağnici G (December 28, 2018). “Insights from Sumerian Mythology: The Myth of Enki And Ninmaḫ and the History of Disability”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi. 33 (2): 429–450. doi:10.18513/egetid.502714. ISSN 0257-4152. S2CID 165868664.
17. ^ Loebl WY, Nunn JF (August 1997). “Staffs as Walking Aids in Ancient Egypt and Palestine”. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 90 (8): 450–454. doi:10.1177/014107689709000811. ISSN 0141-0768. PMC 1296463. PMID 9307002.
18. ^ Sneed D (August 2020). “The architecture of access: ramps at ancient Greek healing sanctuaries”. Antiquity. 94 (376): 1015–1029. doi:10.15184/aqy.2020.123. ISSN 0003-598X.
19. ^ Geggel L (July 22, 2020). “Ancient Greeks may have built ‘disability ramps’ on some temples”. LiveScience. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
20. ^ Samama E (2016). Disability in Antiquity. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-62528-7.
21. ^ Jump up to:^a b Braddock D, Parrish S (2001). “An Institutional History of Disability”. In Albrecht GL, Seelman KD, Bury M (eds.). Handbook of Disability Studies. SAGE. pp. 11–68. doi:10.4135/9781412976251. ISBN 978-0-7619-2874-4.
22. ^ Stiker H (2000). A History of Disability. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 91.
23. ^ Foucault M (1980). The History of Sexuality, vol. 1. New York: Vintage.
24. ^ Jump up to:^a b Grue L, Heiberg A (November 4, 2006). “Notes on the History of Normality – Reflections on the Work of Quetelet and Galton”. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research. 8 (4): 232. doi:10.1080/15017410600608491.
25. ^ Davis LJ (1995). “Constructing Normalcy”. Enforcing Normalcy: Disability, Deafness, and the Body. Verso. pp. 23–49. ISBN 978-1-85984-007-8.
26. ^ Bogdan R (1998). Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit.
27. ^ “Disabled people”. Holocaust Memorial Day Trust. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
28. ^ Barlow, Kathleen (2006). “Inbreeding, Incest, and the Incest Taboo: The State of Knowledge at the Turn of the Century”. American Anthropologist. 108 (2): 447–48. doi:10.1525/aa.2006.108.2.447.
29. ^ Jump up to:^a b Russell M, Malhotra R (2002). “Capitalism and Disability”. Socialist Register. 38: 212–213. ISSN 0081-0606.
30. ^ Marini I, Graf NM, Millington M (2017). “The History of Treatment Toward People With Disabilities”. Psychosocial Aspects of Disability (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-0-8261-8062-9.
31. ^ Oliver 1990.
32. ^ Jump up to:^a b Mullaney C (April 13, 2019). “Disability Studies: Foundations & Key Concepts”. JSTOR Daily. Retrieved October 8, 2022.
33. ^ Nikora et al. 2004, p. 5.
34. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Donovan 2012, p. 12.
35. ^ Russell 2019, p. 4.
36. ^ Krause N, Frank JW, Dasinger LK, Sullivan TJ, Sinclair SJ (September 25, 2001). “Determinants of duration of disability and return-to-work after work-related injury and illness: Challenges for future research”. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 40 (4): 464–484. doi:10.1002/ajim.1116. ISSN 0271-3586.
37. ^ “Regulations To Implement the Equal Employment Provisions of the Americans With Disabilities Act, as Amended”. Federal Register. 2011. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
38. ^ “The Rhetorical Dimensions of Ableism”. Ableist Rhetoric. 2019. pp. 1–25. doi:10.1515/9780271085296-002. ISBN 978-0-271-08529-6. S2CID 242299440.
39. ^ “Disability Social History Project – Timeline”. Disabilityhistory.org. Archived from the original on September 1, 2017. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
40. ^ Cooper, Rory A, Hisaichi Ohnabe, Douglas A. Hobson (2006). An Introduction to Rehabilitation Engineering. CRC Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-4200-1249-1.
41. ^ “Student Accessibility Services: Dragon Naturally Speaking”. University of New Hampshire. Archived from the original on April 8, 2015.
42. ^ Sobh T (2007). Innovations and Advanced Techniques in Computer and Information Sciences and Engineering. Springer. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-4020-6268-1.
43. ^ “Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI)”. W3C. Archived from the original on September 4, 2008. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
44. ^ “Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0”. W3C. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
45. ^ Nikora et al. 2004, pp. 6–7.
46. ^ Shakespeare, T., Watson, N. (2001). “The social model of disability: An outdated ideology?”. In Barnartt, S.N., Altman, B.M. (eds.). Exploring Theories and Expanding Methodologies: Where we are and where we need to go. Research in Social Science and Disability. Vol. 2. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. pp. 9–28. doi:10.1016/S1479-3547(01)80018-X. ISBN 978-0-7623-0773-9.
47. ^ Parker CJ, May A, Mitchell V, Burrows A (2015). “Capturing Volunteered Information for Inclusive Service Design: Potential Benefits and Challenges”. The Design Journal. 16 (11): 197–218. doi:10.2752/175630613X13584367984947. S2CID 110716823. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
48. ^ Garden R (2010). “Disability and narrative: new directions for medicine and the medical humanities”. Med. Humanit. 36 (2): 70–74. doi:10.1136/jmh.2010.004143. PMID 21393285.
49. ^ Mallon R (2014). Zalta EN (ed.). Naturalistic Approaches to Social Construction (Winter 2014 ed.). Archived from the original on March 18, 2019. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
50. ^ Freidson E (1970). Profession of Medicine: A Study of the Sociology of Applied Knowledge. Harper and Row. pp. 205–10. ISBN 978-0-06-042205-9.
51. ^ Burch S (2009). Encyclopedia of American Disability History Vol. 2. Facts on File. pp. 543–44. ISBN 978-0-8160-7030-5.
52. ^ Kafer A (2013). Feminist, Queer, Crip. Indiana University Press.
53. ^ “International organisations report on disability”. Disabled Persons Assembly New Zealand. August 2011. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
54. ^ Kaplan D. “Disability Model”. World Institute on Disability. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
55. ^ Lum D (2010). Culturally Competent Practice: A Framework for Understanding Diverse Groups and Justice Issues. Cengage Learning. p. 449. ISBN 978-0-8400-3443-4.
56. ^ Olkin R (2012). What Psychotherapists Should Know About Disability. Guilford Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-4625-0613-2.
57. ^ Nikora et al. 2004, pp. 5–6.
58. ^ Nikora et al. 2004, p. 6.
59. ^ DePoy & Gilson 2004.
60. ^ Jump up to:^a b Nikora et al. 2004, p. 7.
61. ^ “Economic Model of Disability”. Michigan Disability Rights Coalition. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
62. ^ Smith, T.B. (2012). A New and Emerging Model of Disability: The Consumer Model. White Paper. The Pennsylvania State University
63. ^ Aichner, T., Shaltoni, A.M. (2018). “Marketing of specialised products and services to consumers with disabilities: exploring the role of advertising, country-of-origin, and e-commerce”. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research. 28 (2): 115–36. doi:10.1080/09593969.2017.1364658. S2CID 169024657.
64. ^ Weiner, B., Perry, R.P., Magnusson, J. (1988). “An attributional analysis of reactions to stigmas”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 55 (5): 738–48. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.5.738. PMID 2974883.
65. ^ Lerner M (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. New York: Plenum Press.
66. ^ “Cerebral Palsy: a Guide for Care”. The Nemours Foundation. Archived from the original on July 17, 2007. Retrieved July 29, 2007.
67. ^ Meyers S (2014). “Chapter 23. The past dividing the present”. In Mitchell D, Karr V (eds.). Crises, Conflict and Disability: Ensuring Equality. Routledge. p. 195.